Commonly Used Symbols and Abbreviations

• ~	about or approximately
  ≈	is approximately the same as, is more or less equal to
  =	is the same as, equals
  ≠	is not the same as, does not equal
  @	at, at a rate of
  &	and (or + )
  +/-	more or less, give or take, plus or minus
  ↑	increase, elevate, stimulate, high, up
  ↓	decrease, depress, lower, inhibit, low, down
  →	leads to, results in, causes
  ↔	related to, relative to
  ∆	change (∆s = changes, ∆d = changed, ∆g = changing)
  ♂	male, boy, man
  ♀	female, girl, woman
  e.g.	for example
  i.e.	in other words
  pop	population
  imp	important, importance
  intro	introduction
  max	maximum
  rep	repetition, representative, represents (use context to differentiate)
  ind	individual or independent (use context to differentiate, or use indiv & indep)
  gov or gov’t	government
  amt or am’t	amount
  tch’g	teaching
  tch’r	teacher
  ed’l	educational
  inf’v	informative
  exp’n	experimentation
  expect’n	expectation
  inspect’n	inspection
  bkgd	background
  wkbk	workbook
  w/	with (or use a c with a line over it)
  w/o	without (or use an s with a line over it)